Mausoleums: Grand Structures and Timeless Art
Bellefontaine Cemetery is home to over 100 mausoleums. The magnificent examples featured in this document are defined as grand structures, each a permanent, architecturally significant monument built to honor some of St. Louis’s most influential citizens.
What is a Mausoleum?
A mausoleum is an external free-standing structure, typically made of stone, built above ground to house the remains of the dead. It provides a permanent, private burial chamber, holding one or more crypts, each containing a casket. While often used interchangeably, the term mausoleum emphasizes the architectural monumentality of the structure, setting it apart from simple tombs.
Historical Context: The word Mausoleum originates from Mausolus, a 4th-century BCE king in Asia Minor. His queen, Artemisia, built a magnificent monument to house his remains, known as the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, which became one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Extremely large examples include the Pyramids of Giza and the Taj Mahal.
The Wainwright Tomb
Commissioned in 1891 by brewer Ellis Wainwright, this tomb is considered a landmark of early modernism, designed by Louis Sullivan. Known for its exquisite "Sullivanesque" ornamentation, the structure is startlingly simple—a dome atop a cube—earning it the nickname the "Taj Mahal of St. Louis" after Wainwright's young wife, Charlotte, died suddenly. Sullivan's draftsman for the project was Frank Lloyd Wright.
The exterior features a limestone covering carved with a border of Sullivan's signature stylized plant patterns—curvilinear and geometric forms entwined in symmetrical patterns. The interior offers a dramatic contrast to the exterior, with a ceiling and floor made of intricate mosaic tile. Two marble crypts are set into the floor, and the multi-colored marble walls features inset benches. The dome itself is decorated with surprising, small angels, lending a whimsical quality to this masterful work. The tomb was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.
Preservation and Renewal: The tomb's exterior was meticulously cleaned in 2022, a major restoration project funded by the Gertrude & William A. Bernoudy Foundation. While the limestone was cleaned to restore its original appearance—a decision made after consulting preservation experts—the patina on the bronze outer doors was left intact, preserving the texture of its age. This donation creates a powerful, full-circle architectural narrative: William Bernoudy, whose foundation sponsored the cleaning, studied under Frank Lloyd Wright, who had been Sullivan’s draftsman when the tomb was initially built.
The Busch Mausoleum
This elaborate Bavarian Gothic Revival mausoleum was constructed in 1921 for Adolphus Busch, co-founder of Anheuser-Busch. Designed by the architectural firm Barnett, Haynes & Barnett, it was constructed using unpolished red Missouri granite. The structure, which cost approximately $250,000 at the time, resembles a small church, featuring a gray-green slate roof topped with a copper spire, ornate finials, and elaborate stained glass panels. The bronze doors are topped with hop flower embellishments, a direct tribute to the family business. The Latin inscription above the entrance reads, "Veni, Vidi, Vici" (“I came, I saw, I conquered”).
The Lemp Mausoleum
The Lemp family mausoleum is a study in rivalry and grandeur. Constructed in 1902 and designed by architect Frank Henry Kronauge, it is located directly across from the Wainwright Tomb. It is famously said that brewer William Jacob Lemp built his tomb here specifically to block Ellis Wainwright’s view of the Mississippi River, a testament to their fierce competition in the St. Louis brewing market.
This majestic structure, which entombs members of the prominent German immigrant brewing family (equally important to Anheuser-Busch in the late 19th and early 20th centuries), is doubly distinguished: it is both the largest on Bellefontaine Cemetery’s Millionaire’s Row and the one situated at the highest point. The resplendent Neoclassical structure features an exterior of Vermont granite and an interior of solid marble, illuminated by beautiful stained glass. It holds 32 crypts.
The Tate Mausoleum
This striking Egyptian Revival mausoleum was built in 1907 for Frank N. Tate, a prominent theater property owner. Designed by Eames and Young, the architecture is rich with authentic ancient Egyptian symbolism. The features include:
- Lotus Capitals: Columns flanking the entry doors feature capitals carved in the shape of the lotus flower.
- Winged Disc: Above the entry doors and the porch, you can find the ancient Egyptian sun symbol—a winged disc with serpents on either side, symbolizing divinity, royalty, and protection.
- Granite Sphinxes: A pair of massive granite sphinxes guard the front, symbolizing eternity and protection, set to guard Mr. Tate for eternity.
The Brown Brothers Mausoleums
The Brown Brothers were influential financiers and founders of the Hamilton-Brown Shoe Company. Their adjacent mausoleums provide an excellent study in contrasting architectural styles:
Alanson Brown Mausoleum (1910)
George’s brother Alanson’s circular tomb is in the Romanesque Revival style, designed by St. Louis architect Isaac Taylor.
GW Brown Mausoleum (1928)
George Warren Brown's hexagonal mausoleum was designed by St. Louis architects Mauran, Russell, and Crowell.
The Frederick Wallace Paramore Mausoleum
The Paramore Mausoleum entombs Frederick Wallace Paramore (1855–1916), whose family founded the St. Louis Compress Company. This notable structure, often described as resembling a small castle or fortress, was designed by the architectural firm Mauran, Russell & Crowell. Its stately, heavy Romantic Revival design uses robust, detailed carved stone construction to create a sense of permanence and grandeur, distinguishing it visually from the nearby lighter Neoclassical designs
The George R. Taylor Mausoleum
Set apart from many of the other grand monuments, the stately George R. Taylor Mausoleum is tucked into the side of the hill. Built for George R. Taylor, president of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, the structure was designed by architect George Barnett and constructed of a distinctive pink-hued granite. Taylor was married into the influential Chouteau family. The sculpture on the front of the tomb is exquisite, and the far wall features a magnificent stained glass window depicting the Resurrection, which protects what looks like a giant granite door. The beautiful majolica-like floor inside adds a wonderful touch, though it is difficult to photograph through the glass.
The Cascade Mausoleum
A stunning, modern contrast to the surrounding historic tombs, the Cascade Mausoleum (2022) showcases contemporary monumental architecture. This enormous, 26-foot-tall structure was designed by local architect Thomas Wall of Mitchell Wall Architecture & Design, who was given carte blanche for the design.
Built primarily of durable, shining white granite—up to two feet thick in places—the structure is heavily imbued with Christian symbolism, representing a metaphorical journey:
- Journey of the Soul: The design moves the viewer from life (outside), to death (the polished black granite crypt level), and finally up a grand stairway leading to an open rooftop terrace, representing the afterlife.
- Materials and Craftsmanship: The stained glass inside the crypt was created by St. Louis's historic Emil Frei & Associates, the same artisans who crafted the mosaics for the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis.
- Solar Timepiece: The monument functions as an elaborate sundial. Each year on December 20th (the family matriarch’s birthday), sunlight comes through a cross cut into the deep upper wall to illuminate a corresponding cross engraved at the base of the staircase.
- Public Use and Privacy: Though the owners' name remains private until the first burial, the rooftop terrace is open to the public and offers spectacular views of Cascade Lake, Wildwood Valley Columbarium, and the surrounding arboretum.
Mausoleum Row: A Display of Architectural Grandeur
Mausoleum Row, also sometimes informally called "Millionaire's Row," refers to the specific stretch of Prospect Hill Drive within Bellefontaine Cemetery that contains the highest concentration of monumental private mausoleums. This area is often described by visitors as resembling a neighborhood of beautiful homes, due to the size and architectural complexity of the monuments.
A Place of Prestige: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, St. Louis's most prominent industrial, brewing, and financial families sought burial sites closest to the main entrance and the grandest pathways. Owning a lot on this row was a statement of status that continued even in death. This location allowed them to commission the era's leading architects to create enduring monuments that served as both tombs and public displays of wealth and taste. Crucially, all the mausoleums in this section are defined by their status as grand structures, built to be permanent, significant architectural landmarks.
Architectural Showcase: The Row is a virtual outdoor museum of funerary architecture, showcasing diverse styles popular during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, including Egyptian Revival, Neoclassical, Romanesque Revival, and early Modernism. Key structures anchoring this area, defining "The Row" for visitors and historians alike, include:
The Wainwright Tomb (Louis Sullivan).
The Lemp Mausoleum (Frank Henry Kronauge).
The Busch Mausoleum (Barnett, Haynes & Barnett).
The Tate Mausoleum (Eames and Young).
Doors of Distinction: Bronze Artistry and Craftsmanship
The gates and double doors of Bellefontaine Cemetery’s mausoleums are not entry points; they are pieces of funerary art, crafted in heavy bronze or wrought iron by master metalworkers. These doors serve as the final, artistic barrier, rich with symbolism and intricate detailing, and are worthy of their own study.
Iconography & Symbolism
These entries often incorporate deeply symbolic elements relating to the occupant's life or faith. The Busch Mausoleum's bronze doors feature hop flower embellishments, a direct tribute to the family's enduring beer dynasty.
Artistic Craftsmanship
The level of artistry is exceptional, showcasing the finest metalwork of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The bronze grills on the Wainwright Tomb demonstrate high relief casting and organic motifs, designed by architect Louis Sullivan.
Modern Legacy
This tradition of elite craftsmanship endures, with custom metal gates and railings for newer structures, such as The Cascade, crafted by modern artisans like Eureka Forge. The new work consciously maintains the intricate quality of its 19th-century predecessors.
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